WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). Such factors include parental influence, lack of role models, and the lowered expectations of teachers. Agents of socialization are the social structures in which socialization occurs. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. 4.3 Agents of Socialization Sociology - University of Minnesota Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. Schools codes of conduct serve to penalize those who do not conform. How did you perceive other groups? Some schools encourage active citizenship wherein students participate in creating and modifying schools codes of conduct, and other aspects of their schooling, including course content. How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). Individuals of a similar age and social identity; in school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Standardized tests (discussed in Chapter 5) often exert considerable influence in allocating children into specific streams. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. Typically, socialization is thought of as something that happens to young people, but socialization occurs throughout ones lifetime. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with Examples As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. These 1400 hours in the school setting per year do not include extracurricular activities and school preparatory work, like homework. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). His teacher Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). This phenomenon of a network of disadvantageous social ties has been called negative social capital (Portes 1998). Students may not touch other students. Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. Moral socialization was the first work of every school. Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). 2. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. The structure of school and the structure of the family are obviously very different. Religion. The third dimension of socialization is cultural conformity. 1. In Alberta, applied English language arts are designated the course abbreviation of ELA 10-2 (Grade 10), 20-2 (Grade 11), and 30-2 (Grade 12). How a teacher approaches the issue of gender can have a lasting impact on how children understand the perceived socially acceptable roles for males and females. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. They were also more likely to be married. The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Students are active in decisions surrounding the administration of the school, content of learning, and social events. As noted by Sweet et al. See Box 6.3 for further discussion about zero tolerance policies in Canada. In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also As well, previous research has shown that, like bully victims, rejected children report being lonely (Asher, Hymel, and Renshaw 1984) and are more likely to be depressed (Vosk, Forehand, Parker, and Rickard 1982) than integrated peers. In contrast, the English language arts academic trajectory in Alberta is ELA 10-1, 20-1, and 30-1 [which] provides a more in-depth study of text in terms of textual analysis. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplish two main goals. 11. Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. 3. It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. And How! Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. The previous chapter discussed curriculum and how the content of schooling is closely associated with the social construction of what various groups (teachers, school administrators, parents) think children should be taught. There are, however, a significant number of children, not only in Canada but in the United States and beyond, that do not attend school in the way that has been described here. According to Cohen (1972), individuals (or groups of individuals), events, or conditions are perceived as jeopardizing wider societal values and interests. Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Socialization Research Paper Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. This bottom-up approach to decision making has proven to be a very effective one for students who, for various reasons, were not successful in the mainstream system. This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. But curriculum is just one aspect. Cooperating, taking turns, and practicing self-control are examples of social rules. 4.2 Explaining Socialization Sociology - University of Minnesota The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. School as an Agent of Socialization - 570 Words | Essay Example Gender Socialization. Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. (2010) found that in Grade 9 streaming practices in Ontario, Black African and Caribbean students were disproportionately found in the lower streams. During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. Currie and Kelly (2006) found that the popular girls in their study tended to be slim, dress in a sexy manner, and wear lots of makeup, according to non-popular girls. 2004). 1.3: Methods of Socialization - Social Sci LibreTexts WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al.
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