The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. The Karun river runs a course of over 500 miles. Ancient Orient Museum, Kudurru mentioning the name of the Kassite king Kurigalzu II, from Nippur, Iraq, Ancient Orient Museum, Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, Kassite period, 1550-1450 BCE, Winged centaur hunting animals. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. Around 1800 B.C., the Kassites began to settle in the Zagros Mountains which are located in modern day Iran. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. Idem, Kossaioi, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 22, 1922, pp. These are caretakers of the people and the closest they have to political leaders. that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . 2, 1986, pp. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years M. Stol, Studies in Old Babylonian History, Publications de lInstitut historique-archologique nerlandais de Stamboul 40, Leiden, 1975. 2, 2004, pp. Kassite - World History Encyclopedia Kassites - Crystalinks Museum, B. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. A Harmony of the Life of Jesus - Four gospel accounts in harmony. The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). The documents reveal a centralized administration under the governor of Nippur and its province. J. Eidem, The Shemshra Tablets 2: The Administrative Texts, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 15, Copenhagen, 1982. Kassite. What is the meaning of AD, BC, BCE and CE? [12] Several tablets dated to the reign of Agum III were found at the Dilmun site of Qal'at al-Bahrain. Abraham, K. (2013). The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Hittites, Kassites and Mitanni Children's Middle Eastern History Books, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Who were the Kassites in the Bible? - Wisdom-Advices Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War. The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh - Khan Academy Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. 88-124, Clayden, Tim. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. The Sealand, which was ruled by another dynasty perhaps since the demise of Babylons rule in the south, was incorporated into Babylonia in ca. 1, 1989, pp. Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. The longest lasting of several Babylonian dynasties, the Kassites held the region between the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq for over 400 years. to 540 B.C. What does the Bible say about the Kassites? - Study.com The fall of Babylon is a historical event that occurred in 539 BC. Stone Records From The Kassite Dynasty In Babylonia - Ancient Pages 3 Where did the Kassite people originally come from? Kassite and Elamite Kings". World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The fact that the river ordeal, which in the Old Babylonian period is mainly recorded in texts from Susa, has become more common in Babylonia during the Kassite than in the preceding (Old Babylonian) period may point to an origin of the Kassites east of Babylonia, but is not conclusive evidence. K. Balkan, Kassitenstudien, 1: Die Sprache der Kassiten, American Oriental Series 37, New Haven, 1954. By the 14th century BCE, the Kassites controlled the whole of Babylonia, including the Diyala region. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. 49, no. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. BIBLE BATTLES - Military History - Strategy and Tactics - Ancient Coss(a)ei, Cossiaei, etc., i.e., Kassites (along with he Kissa as the name of the Kassites country; see Weissbach, 1921, 1922; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135; Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 471b). The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. Christ was descended from Abraham. 354 f.). : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. Once they made it to Babylon, they managed to defeat the weakened Babylonian city state and set themselves up as rulers. License. "18. Schneider, Thomas (2003). Several suspected Kassite names are recorded in Ur III economic documents from southern Babylonia, but it is not known whence these individuals originally came (Zadok, 1987, p. 16; 1993, pp. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. 421-436. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 409-24. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. 88 f.). Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. Elam, Biblical Figure - Amazing Bible Timeline with World History A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. 535-545, Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Qf. 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. Zeitschrift Fr Assyriologie & Vorderasiatische Archologie, 103(2), 183195. For less than $1 a week, you'll get devotionals, Bible study guides, thematic studies, and much more! Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. After the invasion of Tukulti-Ninurta I the Kassite rulers of Babylonia bore a mixture of Akkadian and Kassite names. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. But, dont take my word for all of that. The Midianites were a biblical people who occupied territory east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and southward through the desert wilderness of the Arabah. The Hittites (/ h t a t s /) were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (ca. Last modified August 03, 2011. The Kassites, who were an important force in the region from the 16th to the 12th centuries BCE, took up residence in Nippur centuries after the city was abandoned, and created the ancient map of Nippur. Volume 2 Kardunia. The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. The Kissites used their alliances to help repel enemies and to establish a trade. After Hammurabi, Babylon was taken by the Kassites who called the city Karanduniash. Genesis 2:14 gives the location of the Garden of Eden. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. The first place to start when trying to locate the Garden of Eden is in the Bible. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Ancient Babylon, the iconic Mesopotamian city that survived for 2,000 1-19. The Kassite penetration into Mesopotamia. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. ). Iraq, vol. The Assyrians Reception of a victorious. Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". A. Brinkman (1976-80, p. 465a) and W. De Smet (1990, p. 11) point out that the earliest evidence for Kassites is from northern Babylonia and west of it, viz., the Middle Euphrates and Alalah VII (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 466b). But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. Trustees of the British Museum. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? [20] Other important centers during the Kassite period were Larsa, Sippar and Susa. I cannot say that I am convinced by it but there are some real pieces of evidence to support it. 147, Lambert, W. G. The Warwick Kudurru. Syria, vol. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. - C., Burna-Buriash Ier ensures its . The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. A. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. 41, no. Van De Mieroop, 2003, pp. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. : The Documentary Evidence, AJA 76, 1972, pp. More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . The monument mostly speaks of military victories over Egypts enemies. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . 3, 1973, pp. The problem is that there are several places called Ur. The date and the exact conditions of this seizure of power are unknown to us, the first decades of the Kassite dynasty being unknown to us. Unlike conquerors who preceded them, the Kassites do not seem to have been considered a foreign and intrusive element by the Babylonians in the post-Kassite period and later. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The Monumental Fall of Babylon: What Really Shattered the Empire The Semitic mind of the Bible could see that universality connoted in the phrase 'for many'. 11-15). 20712, Brinkman, J. 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. On the whole, it cannot be proven that the Kassites living in Babylonia had an essentially different social organization from that of the Babylonians (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 150). 55, pp. 20, 2010, pp. 417 f.). They had encountered many different kingdoms and tribes before they reached their destination. The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. Remnants of two Kassite glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, Archiv fr Orientforschung 18,1957-58, pp. Krishna was at once a Kurus, an Abhira, and a Yadava. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). 24 f., 33 f., 38 f., 45, 54, 57, 66 f., 68 ff., 82 ff., 92 ff.). (Kassites). 471-589. The Kassites took refuge in the mountains but were brought down and resettled, in standard Assyrian practice, in Hardispi and Bit Kubatti, which were made part of the Arrapha district. All the Kassite rulers up to Katilya IV inclusive bore Kassite names, the only exception being Kudur-Enlil, whose first component is not originally Akkadian but Elamite (cf. Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. 1-8. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. During this time, in the 1300s bce, Assyria broke away from Babylonia. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. [3], The origin and classification of the Kassite language, like the Sumerian language and Hurrian language, is uncertain, and, also like the two latter languages, has generated a wide array of speculation over the years, even to the point of linking it to Sanskrit. B. Landsberger, Assyrische Knigsliste und dunkles Zeitalter, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 1954, pp. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This capital, which was located in the far north of Babylonia, included a big palace and a temple with a high tower of the ziggurat type. The Middle Babylonian / Kassite Period (ca. 1595-1155 B.C.) in Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Prof. David Goldenberg Categories: Beha'alotcha Old Arab Woman, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1882. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. A Guide to . 3, 1972, pp. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. The correspondence is mainly concerned with diplomatic marriages. 1-48. In addition, they had neither cultic nor familial ties with the northern Babylonian temple cities (see Richardson, 2002, pp. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. 14151155 BCE." For a time in the early reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Assyria gained ascendancy, until the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran III intervened. The Kassites were very active at Ur. Idem, Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C., Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 7, Philadelphia, 1984. (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. The earliest occurrence of an individual with a Kassite name in Babylonia is from Rm-Sn Is 53rd year (1770 BCE). 73, No. The last two toponyms are mentioned in Sennaheribs 8th campaign against the Kassites and Yasubigalleans (see Edzard, 1976-80, p. 271a). The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty eBook : Charles River Editors: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store . Volume 1 Kardunia. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. Kassites Govern Babylon - Amazing Bible Timeline with World History A number of the Amarna Letters are correspondence between the respective rulers (including 14 between the Pharaoh and the Kassite ruler). This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 240-44. The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. 11119, Pedersn, Olof. (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV), Joshua said to all the people, This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. Phone Toll Free: 877-966-7300 or 816-584-3077, [This article continues after a message from the authors], These Articles are Written by the Publishers of, Amazing Bible Timeline with World History 2023. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. Most cultic offices and lower administrative ranks were almost exclusively in the hands of Babylonians (Akkadians). Recall that in the first five books of the Bible idolatry was a major issue. ). Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. The Kassites unified Mesopotamia into one culture centred around Babylon The HURRIANS c. 905-886 BC Also known as Hanigalbat, the Hurrians were Indo-Iranian warrior people who filled the vacuum left in central and northern Mesopotamia after the segregation and fall of their city kingdoms. This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. The Kassites abandoned their own culture after a couple of generations of dominance, allowing themselves to be absorbed into Babylonian civilization. There, they are associated with the city of Ur and the Biblical patriarch Abraham, who was born in Ur. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. 1 The Assyrian Empire. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. 14155, Hjlund, Flemming. Foster and D. Gutas, Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/3, Malibu, 1986. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Kassites like never before. When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. XVI, Fasc. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. 47, 100, 102 ff., 115 ff., 122). "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." Chr. 17 ff. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. 4553, Paulus, Susanne. Kassites | Biblia of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. Volume 2 Kardunia. Museum, British. 5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? 166-195, Frans van Koppen (2006). "16. the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . Kassite deities - Wikipedia 1-26. Amazing Bible Timeline with World History, http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/MiddleEast/Kassites.html, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites#Kassite_Dynasty_of_Babylo, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kassite_Babylonia_EN.svg. India's God Krishna Was the King of Jerusalem! - Viewzone Idem, Sex, Age and Physical Condition Designations for Servile Laborers in the Middle Babylonian Period, in G. van Driel, T. J. H. Krispijn, M. Stol, and K. R. Veenhof, eds., Zikir umim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. As semi-nomads the Kassites were organized in family and tribal units. [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. 135-38. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). Like the Sumeriancs, no one knows for sure where they came from. The Kassite termini surviving in Akkadian are mainly from the realms of horse breeding and chariot building. This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. They are well represented among the great landowners. 185f. World History Encyclopedia. 3, 1979, pp. Midianite - New World Encyclopedia Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 229-244, Brinkman, J. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. The new rulers, non-Babylonians known as Kassites, adopted Babylonian conventions in their royal iconography and inscriptions. Sassmannshausen (1999, pp. June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . 165-74. Mid-12th Century. The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. There is very little evidence for serious political problems before the thirteenth century BC when Assyria to the north and Elam to the east began to threaten Babylonia, and eventually brought an end to Kassite control. 12.000 tablets, mostly unpublished) from the Kassite period is contained in an administrative archive which was excavated in Nippur and covers the period from ca. 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). The Babylonian Empire. [24] They were reported in Babylonia by the 18th century BC, especially around the area of Sippar. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. The Kassite and Dynasty List of Kings - Bible History [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. Several members of the ruling family of Ellipi (< Middle Babylonian Ullipi, with attenuation of the initial vowel, according to A. Fuchs apud Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 151b) bore Kassite names.
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